Classification of colors in alpaca fiber

In raising alpacas for fiber is sought that animals have the same color all over your body, this is a desirable gene expression and determining the selection of breeding animals.

The colors of the fibers are determindas to market with the textile industry, to which producers adjust their production.

The textile companies seeking white animal fibers, because its fiber may be colored with dyes according want to make fabric.

Other times, we seek a range of more colors.

Within the classification of solid colors in alpaca fiber, we have:

B: White

LFX: Beige

LFY: Vicuna

LFZ: Vicuna intense

CC: Light Brown

COM: dark brown Cafe

CON: Dark brown black

GP: Silver gray

GO: Dark gray

N: Black

There are also so-called graying Colors:

BMC: White stained clear

BMO: White stained dark

GC: Light gray with white gray

NM: Black stained

Color Clasification Table (Made by Prosur)

Good practice in the shearing process

• The animals must be dry. The fiber length must be 8 to 10 cm in alpacas.Be measured in the loin or rib half
• Cleaning should be complete in the place where it is to make shearing. This must be done before shearing and with each color change sheared alpaca.
• Avoid contamination of the fleece. Cleaning should be performed on the animal, can use brushes to remove all kinds of impurities.
• Stretch the animals side on a mat, placing obstacles or "mancuerdas" four paws and hold them to a stake.

• It starts at the chest and thigh. Be fleeced by an even cut, you should avoid short cuts and double cut.

• Once completed the process of shearing the fleece separates the mantle at a separate table. It classifies the fleece and eliminates any contamination that may have.

• Continue cutting of low quality fiber and short fiber (head, neck and legs). He pockets to separate and properly identified.

The fleeces are identified, bagged and labeled.

Such signs must contain the following information:

- Style / Color alpaca fiber fleece

- Zone / Producer

- Batch number

- Number of bundle

- Gross weight in kg

Some major diseases in the care of alpacas

• sarcocystiosis (whipworm, tonco tonco, arrocillo)

Causal agent
Produced by Sarcocystis aucheniai (parasite of the dog).

Location
The cyst is located in the muscle.

Life cycle
The adult develops in the dog's intestinal wall, where cysts sporulated and released, leaving the environment with feces, contaminating the pastures. The alpaca ingests the cyst, which release sporozoites in the intestine, which cross the intestinal wall and are distributed via the blood in the body, they develop an asexual phase in the endothelium of blood vessels, then stay in stretched muscle, where they develop characteristic cysts.
The dog is contaminated by eating raw meat with these cysts.

Treatment
There



• Cysticercosis (Q'chas dimensions)

Causal agent
Larval form of the tapeworm that is Cisticercus hydatigena tenuicollis dog small intestine.

Location
In alpacas cysts are located in the peritoneal cavity suspended in the mesentery.

Life cycle
Tenuicollis Cisticercus bags are eaten by the dog or fox, and small intestine tapeworm develops and gravid segments (full of eggs), which are eliminated in the feces. In the alpaca pasture becomes infected by eating the grass.

Treatment
There




• Scabies (Q'aracha or Q'arachis)

Causal agent
Sarcoptes scabiei (variety aucheniae)
Psoroptes communis (variety aucheniae)

Location
Sarcoptes scabiei: Preferably in areas devoid of fiber as the face, armpits, crotch around the anus, can be extended, in chronic cases, to other parts of the body. This type of mange is the most common.
Psoroptes communis: Preferably in the ears and can spread to the neck, his presentation is more rare.

Life cycle
The acaraos adults have 8 legs, penetrate the skin forming galleries where they lay eggs, they hatch into larvae only 6 feet, subsequently become 8-legged nymphs, mature into adult heartworms, and initiate a new cycle.

Treatment
Once detected the disease makes the respective treatment. When there is a vat immediately proceed to the bathroom, and if you do not have that infrastructure will be reviewed thoroughly the animals, one by one, healing all those who are sick. Repeat this treatment at 12 days.



• Fever Alpaca

Causal agent
 This disease is caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes aniaml-, which usually occurs in animals that have suffered any casualties in their defenses by touching, hitting, long walks, rough handling during shearing, etc..

Treatment
Once the disease has been made, should be used antibiotics such as penicillin, streptomycin, aureomycin and sulfa, intramuscularly or intravenously.
A sick animals must be treated daily, at least 3 times and the rest of the flock healthy animals, or no symptoms, at least 1 time.


Reference:
Huanca, Teodosio. "Manual del Alpaquero". 1996. INIA. Peru

Male Reproductive Anatomy, Part 2

Penis and Foreskin

The penis is housed within the prepuce (or liner) that protects. The foreskin normal orientation, even when urine is projected backwards. When does an erection of the penis the foreskin is oriented forward. The penile bending and straightening the penis foreskin leaves 15 to 25 cm.

The tip of the penis has a strong cartilaginous projection, hook-shaped curved clockwise. This projection exceeds the urethral opening, and assists in penetration of the female cervix during intercourse. In adult males the penis slides freely inside the foreskin.

External review of Fondling

This is a very important task. It should include visual inspection and palpation of the scrotum, testicles, penis and foreskin. The scrotum should be free of wounds and no signs of inflammation. Both testicles must rest completely inside the scrotum, slide freely within it, and to be of similar size. They must be well developed, and should be chosen as reproductors males having larger testes than the average for males of the same age. To the touch, the testicles should be firm, elastic and turgid. By gently palpate the male should not give the impression of feeling pain, or should feel that they are hotter than the rest of the body.

Palpation epididymis effective requires a minimum of practice, but you should make to ensure the absence of inflammation, swelling or other abnormalities.

The foreskin should be found to have no wounds, ulcers, skin conditions, or purulent secretions. The penis should slide freely inside the foreskin, and clearly free of adhesions with it. Males with no adhesions should be used for breeding. With a little practice you can externalize the penis foreskin, and secured with gauze for better inspection. No injuries or deviations should hinder or prevent its penetration into the

vulva.

Reference: Manual handling practices of alpacas and llamas (FAO) (ISSN 1014 - 1200)

Male Reproductive Anatomy, Part 1

It is important to know the anatomy of the male reproductive system, is to review both and select animals for breeding to make good management of breeding  moment.

Scrotum and Testicles

The scrotum is a bag in which are found inside the testicles. It is located in the region below the anus. It has a pendulum as in other animal species (cattle, sheep). Okay manteniene attached and testicles close to the body of the male. This position is disadvantageous because problems tend to suffer strokes or injuries in fights.

Both testicles have dropped into the scrotum from the abdominal cavity during the first month of life. These have an oval shape, and in an adult male can measure from 4 to 6 cm long and about 2.5 to 3.5 cm wide. When they are a year old, the length is 1.0 to 1.5 cm.

The testicles play a key role, being responsible for sperm production

Epididymis and vas deferens

The epididymis is next (and attached) to the testicle. Acts as backup location and maturation of sperm. During ejaculation epididymal sperm passes to the vas. Then into the urethra and eventually abroad.

Accessory glands

Accessory glands (prostate and urethral bublbo) are located in the pelvis and shoulders above the rest of the male genital tract. These glands secrete fluids that give volume, nutrients and stability semen.

Reference: Manual handling practices of alpacas and llamas (FAO) (ISSN 1014-1200)

Female Reproductive Anatomy, Part 2

Utero:

Has a shape that resembles a "Y". In non-pregnant females uterus body is approximately 2 to 4 cm long, while the horns are about 8 to 15 cm. The left horn (where they develop almost all pregnancies) is larger than the right. During copulation the male deposits sperm into the uterus and sperm migrate from there to the site of fertilization (oviducts).

Oviducts:

The oviducts are thin tubes of about 20 cm in length. Therefore descends to meet the egg and sperm and allow fertilization.

Ovaries:

These organs are oval shaped, reaching a diameter adult female greater than about 15 mm and a minor diameter of about 10 mm. They mature follicles release eggs containing half the genetic material of the future progeny. In non-pregnant adult females can be observed on the surface of ovarian follicles several approximately 3 to 4 mm in diameter, and larger one (8 to 12 mm). Both ovaries are active in alpacas and llamas but, as noted above, almost all pregnancies develop in the left uterine horn

Female Reproductive Anatomy, Part 1

It is very important in raising camelids, know the basic anatomy of animals for proper handling.

Vulva:

It is the part of the reproductive visble. Is a vertically oriented opening of 2.5 to 3.0 cm in length. Outer lips have well defined in the bottom end with a protuberance.

Some females predisposed to reproductive tract infections in a conformation problem. When the vulva is too tilted forward (instead of vertical) feces contaminate the vagina. This leads to infections that reduce fertility in the female.

Vagina:

The vuvla is the entrance to the vagina, a tubular organ of formal, through which enters the penis of the male while mating and breeding out at delivery. Normally the vagina is 12 to 18 cm long and 2 to 4 cm in diameter. This expanded to allow breeding output, but often difficult deliveries injure the vagina.

If there is any difficulty in penetrating the male to the female, may be due to some anatomical defect in the vagina or a problem of membrane (hymen).

Cervix:

It can be described as a tight spiral (with 2 or 3 turns) of muscle tissue. The cervical canal connects the vagina to the uterus. Is sinuous and 2 to 4 cm in length. In non-pregnant females and receptive to males, the cervix is presented penetrable, allowing the intrusion of the penis to the deposition of semen in the utero. In contrast, the cervix is closed once conception occurs, and remains closed during pregnancy. It is important to note, because if a male gets aggressive penetrate the cervix of a female submissive and pregnant, may cause an abortion. Females who have suffered serious injuries in the cervix may have difficulty getting pregnant.

Feeding part 3

Gravity Irrigation


Radical climate changes that occur in the Andes, forcing herders to develop knowledge for the management and distribution of water and for administration, especially in times of drought. The surface irrigation is the predominant method, although other types are including irrigation, such as spraying, for example.

                     Gravity Irrigation

                                                                                                         Spraying Irrigation

Feeding part 2

Conservation of grassland
It is a technique for periods of shortage herders using various strategies.
the reserves of natural seagrass is one of the ways to keep fresh food for times of drought when natural pastures are scarce. These places are called "cabins", located at higher elevations of each of the sectors of communities. It makes use of these reserves from August to May next year. This knowledge is directly related to the rotation of grazing.

Feeding part 1

Hi all, I want to talk now about a topic complementary animal husbandry and focused especially for South American camelids.

The first issue we will talk of grazing:

Grazing is the predominant activity on which the daily gitra breeders of alpacas. Within the Andean families, is predominant wife and small children (mostly women) are engaged in feeding.

The llamas are usually performed in conjunction with sheep, but preferably is made separately. You are required to be separated by sex and alpacas from the flames (to avoid crossing Huarizo which is not suitable for production)

Rotational grazing:

It is knowledge that has to do with the management of natural prairie grasses in which, in turn, is regulated by the rainy season and drought. The rotation of grazing livestock feeding ensures communities (which have large areas of grasslands with native grasses) and for this reason, in times of rains herds of alpacas and other livestock are moved to the huts, in the times of no rain to consume the grasses that grow below.

Method of breeding season in the field

This method of breeding involves assembling a group or all females in the herd with one or more males in a suitable grazing land. The receptive females choose males and all females are gradually being served.

It has the advantage of not requiring individual management of each male and female for mating. But it is not possible to record the time that each female is mounted, is mounted or how many times unless you're watching the flock all the time.

It is a method commonly used in the breeding of cattle and sheep. However, its application to alpacas and llamas requires modifications to suit the characteristics and reproductive behavior of these camelids.

Behavior

In field conditions mating to males and females have the opportunity to interact more naturally than in the breeding season individually. Males have a chance to explore and choose females in more responsive, with less incidence of submissive females forced to ride but not responsive.

By introducing the males, they should not be excessive. The lack of females to keep them busy induces fights, and can result in serious injury variable. For example, a male mounting is particularly vulnerable to attack by other male.

When males are introduced to a group of non-pregnant females who have been separated from them without having received any stimulus that can cause ovulation, there is immediately an intense sexual activity. This is especially marked during the first week, it is estimated that over 70 percent of females received at least one service. Thereafter, the males show a marked decline in sexual activity, despite the presence of receptive females in the herd. This decrease in sexual interest in females continuously exposed to males has led to the design of management strategies that involve an alternate use of males during mating.

The alternate use of males in the breeding season to field it seeks to combat sexual disinterest occurs continuously exposed to males to females. The temporary separation of the sexes has the effect of reviving sexual interest in males. It also has the effect of interfering with dominance relationships can be established between the males and can result in reduced or absent activity of some of these. The alternate use of males can be implemented in the following ways:

- Weekly rotation males: Let the herd consists of approximately 100 females and are used in all six males. This method first introduced three of the males remain with females for a week. At the end of the week are removed males who were working (go to rest), then add the other three. The operation is repeated at the end of the second week, and so on as long as the mating (about 60 days). It has been observed that with the rotation - weekly males can achieve a higher birth rate of 20 per cent of which would occur if the male female remain with all the time (for example, go from a 60 to 80 percent).

- Successive stages of work and rest three days each: In this case all the males are used for three days, after which they were removed and allowed to rest for three days. Continue in this manner throughout the period of breeding. It has been observed that using about three percent of males this method can give results similar to mating with weekly rotation of males.

- Two periods of 25 days of mating separated by 10 days off: The breeding season begins with a five per cent of males and runs for 25 days. Interrupted for 10 days, during which the males are separated from females and rest. After the break, the mating continues for another 25 days. This method requires less labor than the previous two because the animals are handled less frequently. However, it is more likely to become females without receiving the male attention because these periods of consistent with the females are longer, which increases

given the risks of sexual disinterest development and social problems among

males.

Conclution
The breeding season to field allows synchronization of lambing with considered favorable climatic conditions as well as the cycle pastures. This method is more difficult to maintain individual records assembled and detailed tracking of reproductive behavior each female during mating. The alternate use of the males prevents
problems of sexual disinterest and dominance relationships among males, allowing to obtain good rates of birth.

Method of breeding - tied

This is a traditional method used by breeders of alpacas and llamas of the Andean regions. Is a form of breeding season, since the female contact with the male only during the time chosen.

In this method the female is tied with a rope to force her to remain seated and so it can be easily mounted by the male. They tied the hind legs, passing the rope over the back of the female, which is immobilized in a position to intercourse.

As the female is tied at the disposal of the male must take special care to assess their behavior and ensure that it is receptive the male. If the female is pregnant intercourse can result in abortion. 

Each service receives a receptive female by the male. After being served, the female is exposed to male again two weeks later. The rejection or acceptance in this instance will be an indication of whether or not the female conceived. If you accept, is allowed to receive other services. Exposure of females to males every two weeks should continue for the duration of the breeding season in order to become pregnant than those who have not conceived or having undergone embryonic loss. 

The females served by the male, it is advisable to repeat the service for two or three days. This practice can be counterproductive. 

Conclusions 

- This method is often practiced as part of traditional customs of the farmers in the region. Done with the necessary care and led by a person with experience in handling and behavior of alpacas and llamas, may be expected to result in birth rates from 70 to 85% 

- Provide for a large labor force (usually not less than 5 people), although this may not necessarily be seen as a drawback if the human resources available.

PAEASITIC DISEASES, part 2

3 HIDATIDOSIS
It is produced by the cystic stages of Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm of
seencuentra whose adult form in the small intestine of dogs and wild carnivores. The cysts usually selocalizan in the liver and lungs resulting in the seizure of such bodies and the resulting economic losses. From the standpoint of public health has tambiénimportancia because it is a zoonosis that has a relatively high incidence in areas of breeding camels. Disease control, as in the case of sarcocistiosis, is to prevent the dogs consume viscera cysts and their periodic dosing against Echinococcus.

4 FLUKE
It is caused by the parasite Fasciola hepatic bile ducts of the liver. His cicloevolutivo involves the participation of an intermediate host, a snail of the genus Limnea, which inhabits the wetlands and marshes. In the highlands of the Puna, the incidence dedistomatosis in alpacas and llamas appears to be low, which is attributed to climáticasno conditions would be suitable for the development of the snail. However when sontrasladados animals to lower elevations, where usually there are many shells, heavy infestations can occur producing sharp pictures and high mortality. This happened with alpacasque were transferred from the Department of Puno, Cajamarca, in the early stages of repopulation delPrograma Alpacas, referred to above.

5 DISEASES CAUSED by ectoparasites
In this group the most important disease is scabies, by affecting the growth of the fiber and sucalidad, besides causing growth retardation and alteration of other productive functions. The condition is caused by the presence and multiplication of ectoparasitic mites known to nombrede. We found two species of them in alpacas, llamas and vicunas: Sarcoptes and Psoroptes scabieivar aucheniae aucheniae.

The prevalence of the disease varies depending on the technological level of exploitation and. laépoca of the year. It is higher level of small producers in the condition may be massive, the spring-summer, are most conducive to the presentation of the disease. Sucontrol is relatively simple as long as they do so oportuna.Hoy treatment in days, with the development of systemic drugs for parenteral administration, the treatment and control of ectoparasites is much simpler. However, the problem faced by small producers is the lack of resources for the purchase of medicines and, often, inadequate use of them for lack of access to technical assistance.

The Piojera is another disease caused by parasites of the genus and Damalinia.Son Microthoracius suctopicadores or chewing pests that feed on blood in the first case and delas desquamated epithelial cells in the second, causing itching which causes animals to rub and fiber damage. The Piojera may acquire characteristics enzootic in rural communities and small farmers (30% to 100%)

PARASITIC DISEASES, part 1

A large number of parasitic diseases Affecting camelids. These do not cause While High Mortality and infectious, and Often Go Unnoticed by The Producers, are responsible for Losses to Affect a significant number of Productive functions. For example, gastrointestinal parasites, and blood drain constantede Causing to interfere With The digestive process of food utilization endeficiente lower body RESULTING Development and production of fiber and meat. Moreover, the weakening delanimal Makes more susceptible to this infectious diseases. Ectoparasites, moreover, the production of fiber Affect Both quantity and quality in. To all added This Must Be the loss by confiscation of meat and offal parasitized in the case of as lasarcocistiosis and Hydatid cysts.


It is difficult to make an estimate of economic losses caused by parasitic diseases by the lack of reliable statistics, it is estimated, however, reaching variosmillones dollars a year, which obviously is detrimental to the economy of the producers.

The positive effects of adequate parasite control have been demonstrated by several researchers in Peru. For example, in one of the studies found that alpacas subjected to a program of strategic dosing with ivermectin, outperformed the untreated control group in body weight 6.9 kg and 0.45 kg in fleece weight. On the other hand, the incidence of scabies was ravaged by 1 percent in the treated group compared with 22 percent in the control group (Guerrero et al., 1986). The cost / benefit ratio was favorable for the treated group. Similar resresultados were found in another study in the highlands of Arequipa by Windsor et al. (1992).

1 PARASITIC NEUMOGASTROENTERITIS
The complex nosological is produced by mixed infections of nematodes that parasitize from the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory systems. Some species are specific parasites of camelids, such as: Graphinema aucheniae, Spirulopteragia peruvianus, Nematodirus LaMae, Camellustrongylusmentulatus and Lamanema chavezi.
In contrast, other species are typical of cattle and sheep but can affect camelids, such as those of the genera Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, Haemoncus, Oesophagostomum and Dyctiocaulus. The prevalence of parasites in alpacas, llamas, vicunas and guanacos is about 70 to 100 percent, with relatively low mortality, about one percent, according to numerous studies conducted, but cause unaalta morbidity with negative consequences productivity of animals.

There are a number of factors that contribute to pest infestation, such as grazing deanimales in highly reduced environments contaminated by feces and parasite eggs without laadecuada rotational grazing, reduction in defense of animals by factors such as calving estresantestales For breastfeeding mothers and weaning in the case of young animals elmantenimiento of manure without proper cleaning, among others. The habit of depositing their droppings camélidosde in a certain place, forming dung is probablementeuna way to prevent the spread of parasites in the pasture, but when haysobrepoblación this apparent advantage may become a disadvantage.

Parasites are found in the digestive tract, either in the abomasum or intestines, structural and functional alterations of the mucosa with ladigestión serious interference and absorption of food that is detrimental to the productive comoson growth breeding and production of fiber. Furthermore Lamanema larvae migrate alhígado cause injury to cirrhotic that are displayed as small abscesses decolor externally whitish, giving the organ a mottled appearance that can lead to confiscation.

The prevention of parasitic infestations should primarily be the oeliminación reduction of predisposing factors mentioned above. Tambiéntratamientos recommended preventive antiparasitic drugs, according to a scheme based on laedad of animals and the time of year

2 sarcocystiosis
This is a disease that has great economic impact and which is currently unfreno for marketing meat CSA. It is produced by a coccidia of the genus Sarcocystis of which there are three species: S. tilopodi (or S. guanicoecanis) in guanacos, S. aucheniae in alpacas, llamas and vicunas, which produce macroscopic cysts in the skeletal muscle, and S. lamacanis, alpacas found that microscopic infective cysts form in a short time in myocardial and skeletal muscle.

Until recently there were doubts about whether it was a single species of Sarcocystis that was responsible for the formation of the two types of cysts and microcysts are nothing but an early stage of development of macrocysts. Using molecular biology techniques to establish hallegado recently and conclusively that it is indeed genetically different dosespecies S. aucheniae and S. lamacanis.

The coccidia causing this disease is indirect cycle, where dogs and carnívorossilvestres are the definitive hosts in which reproduction is effected bowel sexualmientras that asexual reproduction takes place in the capillaries, arterioles and skeletal muscle ycardíaco of CSA, which are the intermediate hosts.

The disease is commonly known by the name of "arrocillo" and "Trichinella" and often laconfunde to cysticercosis. We found a prevalence of 70 to 80 percent of micro omacroquistes in muscles of animals, particularly in over two years edad.En young animals is not typically included macrocysts of microcysts but can only be detected by examination microscope.

The damage caused by the parasite is primarily concerned with the seizure of the carnecon presence of cysts in the muscles, resulting in economic losses. In addition creauna negative image of the camel meat which affects the degree of public acceptance. When ingested by humans, with sarcocistes meat, undercooked produceun box gastroenteritis with nausea, diarrhea, cramps and chills, symptoms should combines toxin present in the cysts, it is deactivated by cooking. Therefore, with sarcocistes Lacarne duly cooked, not a public health problem.

The spread of the disease is favored by the ingestion of meat sarcocistes by dogs that are the inseparable companions of the pastors of alpacas and llamas. They were agreganlos wild carnivores such as foxes, that by eating meat with parasite oocysts diseminándolos millonesde removed by grazing. So how to control esevitando sarcocystiosis contaminated meat consumption by dogs and controlling the action of carnívorossilvestres. Both actions are not easy given the conditions under which develops crianzade camelids. Faced with this situation is currently working on the production of unavacuna that applied to grazing animals to offer effective protection against estaenfermedad. These works, like the typing of sarcocistes are siendorealizados by the Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science at the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Herediacon FAO support through the project TCP/RLA/2914.

Given that the highest incidence of macrocysts seen in animals over two years, a way to decrease seizures is making out early, ie, allocating the sacrifice young animals unfit for breeding before they become visible losmacroquistes. This implies increasing the proportion of cows and make out of capons to laedad earliest possible within two years. This allows not only to reduce losses due to carcass condemnation but also supply a high quality beef and greater acceptance by consumers.

INFECTIOUS DISEASES, part 2

TUIS DISEASES AND ADULTS

As mentioned above, the attributable mortality rates at relatively low infecciosasson diseases tuis and adults. Are reported, however, a number of variable frequency entidadesnosológicas. These include: a) fever or estrepcocosis alpacas. It is a bacterial disease associated with environmental stress factorswere and management, the causative agent is Streptococcus zooepidemicus

A) The disease is relatively low (5 to 10%) can reach higher numbers in animals subjected to improper handling. The reported mortality is around 2 to 5 percentof those affected.

B) Osteomyelitis: It is an inflammation of the jaw, initially luegoosteolítica proliferative and producing a lump detectable to the naked eye. It usually occurs in the dry season and is associated with injuries from the pastoseco of the winter, providing livelihoods for the proliferation of micro organismosde genera Actinomyces and Fusobacterium. The effect of the disease is so apologetic food intake generally you have to sacrifice.

C) Malignant edema Braxy: Produced by Clostridium septicum and is Characterized by severe edema wound around a dune building. It Has Been Observed to OCCUR sporadically in alpacas can cause death But in animal.

D) Other diseases: include foot-and tetanus. anthrax, otitis, etc.. whose prevalence is lower but occasionally could be of some importance. Although not reported massive outbreaks of FMD in alpacas or llamas, similar to those occurring in other ungulates, animals can carry it whichis a factor limiting exports of live animals. Recently the OIE hadeclarado the southern region, where the largest population of alpacas, comolibre of disease which may facilitate the procedures for export deanimales alive. Have also been reported cases of fungal diseases yalpacas flames, which are treatable and of little relevance.

INFECTIOUS DISEASES, part 1

DISEASES OF CALVES

The cause of death in young alpacas are lasenfermedades infectious. Among them is first enterotoxemia in some years can kill up to 86 percent of baby alpaca. There are no precise data in regard to fire but there are reports that the situation is similar, although the death rate of young of this species appear to be lower than in the case of alpacas.

1. Enterotoxemia

Enterotoxaemia is an acute infectious disease that affects mainly young alpaca within the first month of life. It is the most devastating disease and is produced by the action of enterotoxins from an anaerobic bacterium, Clostridium perfringens type A (formerly called C. welchii) which quickly cause severe damage to vital organs nivelintestinal and ending with the sudden death of animal. The mortality of long críassupera 50 percent in some years.The first observations on this disease dating from the nineteen fifties. In 1955, it was Moro, a professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Universidad Nacional de San Marcos (Peru), who conducted the first studies and the disease called bacillary diarrhea, alobservar the presence of an anaerobic bacillus diarrheal feces of calves killed. The etiologic agent confirmaciónfinal, C. perfringens type A, was made based on the detection dela alpha toxin. Before that, the disease was regarded as an acute form of ladenominada alpaca fever produced by the Strepcoccus zooepidemicus (Ramirez, 19991).

Subsequent studies have given greater insight into the etiology of the disease auncuando many questions remain, which are the subject of estudio.La disease occurs in cycles, as shown by studies of seguimientohechos for over 10 years on commercial farms and at the Center The South American deCamélidos National Raya. In a mortality rate of pups per enterotoxemia of 15 to 20 percent in the first year of a cycle, increasing to 30 to 40 percent in the next year hastaalcanzar a peak of 50 percent or more by the fifth or sixth year. Then bajaabruptamente to 6 or 10 percent the following year. The possible explanation of this variation appears to lie in changes in the mother's immune level. During the cycle of offspring per enterotoxemia altamortalidad, mothers are exposed to high levels of strains of C. perfringenstipo A, producing enterotoxin. Thus mothers receive a Natural devacuna luck against the pathogen, which stimulate the immune response and allow the passage Deuna higher concentration of antibodies to the offspring via colostrum. By decreasing the incidenciade disease and lower mortality, would also decrease the levels deanticuerpos of the mother and the consequent lower concentration in the colostrum, quedesencadenaría a new cycle (Ellis, 1997). The cycles are five to six years and the severity of laenfermedad may be exacerbated by adverse weather conditions and lack of medidashigiénicas which unfortunately are a common occurrence.

Currently there is no vaccine to provide effective protection to offspring against laenterotoxemia. Research is underway and expected to have positive results in a futurocercano.

Is expected to reaching the production of a vaccine against this disease.

The handling of the animals is an important factor in preventing the disease. Overcrowding, lack of cleanliness of calving pens and roosts, lack of protection against bad weather, insufficient or late lascrías colostrum intake and inadequate maternal nutrition in late pregnancy , among others, are factors that create the conditions for the presentation of enterotoxemia. It sidodemostrado in other animal species that insufficient supply of mothers in the últimotercio of gestation, in addition to affecting the level of antibodies from the mother, causes nervous system desarrolloinadecuado breeding which makes not react quickly after accessing delnacimiento colostrum at the time of maximum concentration of inmunoglobulinas.Esto makes it susceptible to enteric and pneumonic processes.

Indeed, Garmendia et al. (1987) found that the failure in the transfer of immunoglobulins from the colostrum, is the leading cause of newborn deaths in alpacas because of their inability to defend itself against infection. They found that encrías to death serum immunoglobulin concentration was significantly lower than those babies who survived.

All this shows how much remains to be investigated in the issue of enterotoxemia in particular and the concomitant causes involved in the death of baby camels, engeneral. What is actually required is a comprehensive approach that includes tantoinfecciosos factors such as environmental and management, in order to establish effective measures based on sound science, leading to reduced losses caused by neonatal lamortalidad

2 Colibacillosis

Under this name are grouped diarrheic and septicemic forms caused by strains of Escherichia coli affecting the offspring. His presentation is estimated at 15 percent. The pups have a formaentérica diarrheic by 3 to 8 days, dehydration, weight loss and enocasiones, death ensues, although some babies recover. The septicemia, occurring mainly during the first week of life, are characterized by muerterepentina.

3 Other diseases

Other infectious diseases that affect the young and that can kill incluyenlas respiratory problems and sepsis. Pneumonia is an acute respiratory condition cuyafrecuencia varies from 2 to 22 percent, depending on the year. Almost always related to some kind of stress due to decreased resistance of the animal and leads to the spread of germs. The bacterial entity involved belongs to the genus Pasteurella. Acute pneumonia is a quick course that involves the lung parenchyma, occurring enneonatos and young animals. The deaths of young for this cause from 2 to 27 percent in both alpacas and llamas in (Ramirez, 1991). Septicemia can have various causes among which one is the onfaloflebitis másfrecuentes is a consequence of disinfection Poor hygiene yfalta navel.

Other pathological conditions are described in offspring but do not have a connotation mortaltales as kerato conjunctivitis, abscesses and necrobacillosis.

Funny Alpacas

""I'm sexy and YOU known it!!"

"sshhh!! dont talk, only fell...."

funny llamas

Some funny pictures of these animals, so they know a different facets of these beautiful animals.

"Someone love me?"                              "Ups, ups"

"For someon, in spanish the word llama is equal to flame"        

 "what, what, what? llamas?"

796-161-786

 

shearing techniques

For this activity there are two distinct methods or techniques:

CREOLE  METHOD 
It is the oldest and most traditional method, where the animal is tied (hobbled) before starting to cut the fleece. Finished cutting release the sheep for shearing the belly and do the tear.

METHOD AUSTRALIAN

It is a method that performs the operations after cutting loose the animal for which the animal is located Shearer sitting and operates from behind it. We begin first by the stomach and ends in the head

Shearing, regardless of technique or method used, can be done by hand with scissors (shears manual) as shown in the images on the right.

They are simply used scissors without major variations from antiquity to the removal of wool from the sheep.

Shearing, regardless of technique or method used, can be done by hand with scissors (shears manual) as shown in the images on the right.

A variation brought by the technology after the Industrial Revolution is the machine to shear (mechanical shearing), which can be fixed or portable, whose images reproduced here.

This machine is used on farms with many sheep population where high productivity with a lower degree of physical demand.

Shearing is done once a year, then the wool is expected to grow again for twelve months, to return to shear in the following summer.

This period should provide adequate nutrition, good health management and even introduce improved genetics to the fold, for animals with higher quality wool.

Shearing of camelids

The shearing is the extraction process American camelids fiber fleece by cutting. Although the production of high quality wool depends mainly on animal genetics, nutrition and climate, the fact remains that proper management techniques shearing animals, contribute greatly to maintain or even exceed the quality of fleece obtained.


General considerations in the harvest of fiber:

Taking the whole process, there are three groups of activities that should be known thoroughly and conscientiously done well for a successful crop of wool:

1. Animal Management
Includes harness to the pens, embretado, grip, holding the animal turned and, Length of the animal, and so on.

2. Actual shearing
Positions involves shearing, shearing methods, relaxation exercises before and after working hours, armed and maintenance of the scissors, etc..


3. conditioning
Covers operations such as fleece up to the areas of collection, cleaning it. proper packaging and wool book, among others.

The Breeds of Llamas

There are two varieties of Lllamas:

Chaku or woolly: Having abundant and long fiber. It is characterized by whole body covered conpelaje, his fleece is very dense.

Kara or peeled: Characterized by having short fiber, which gives the appearance of being bald; inner layer witha very short but fine and an outer layer formed by hairs fuertescomo the guanaco, as well as lack of fiber in the face and legs. The fur color varies from white to black, different shades and sometimes identical to the guanaco decolor. It has a harmonious and balanced training suspartes (head and ears in proportion to the body of the animal), long neck and strong conpresencia of hairs arranged in its posterior region, which gives the appearance of crinde horse. The head and face are clean, sheeplike profile, with large eyes ymirada strong, well set limbs and strong legs. Are large, robust, to the cross measured from 109 to 119 cms., Weighing between 108 to 150 kgs., So quehistóricamente was a beast of burden.

breeds of alpacas

There are two breeds of alpaca: huacaya and suri's. The huacaya is the predominant race and is approximately 90% of the total population of alpacas in the world. Their wool fiber is characterized by its thick curly fleece. The variety of colors is wide, from black to white, red and chocolate brown with a wide variety of tones. The Suri is the rarer breed and represents between 7% and 10% of the population of alpacas in the world. Suri fiber is the most sought due to their special characteristics. Their fleece grows in long and smooth locks that fall vertically to the floor and its fiber is inelastic.

The alpaca can live between 18 and 24 years and continues to produce wool to the end of his life. It is a docile animal, intelligent, loving, shy and curious at the same time, it behaves in an organized and leads a routine life in nature. It erodes the soil where it lives, and cut the grass rather than uproot. It is also characterized by making their needs in one place, facilitating hygiene and maximizes the preservation of their pastures.

 Suri

Huacaya

BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

All camelids, have metatarsal glands, cleft lip, polygamous social organization, use of manure, no significant sexual dimorphism and ovulation induced with a single offspring per litter per year.

The 4 species have the same karyotype and can interbreed with each other and produce fertile hybrids.

They also have a productive life of about 14 years, being capable of reproduction at age 2.

They have 3 stomachs, two pairs of pads at the end of the second phalanx, and the last joint is covered with nails, pad, footpad, not damaging the soil by trampling.

The growth of the incisors is continuous, similar to rodents and have elliptical red blood cells, small and anucleares.

They are territorial especially the vicuna and the guanaco forming social groups classified as families, herds of males and lonely, they act in groups, being gregarious.

In situations of aggression flip ears back and lift the face and tail, especially the males during the mating season, they wallow in loose soil, sand or ash and shit on pre-established sites used as signs of territoriality among families.

Hybrids

The four species of South American camelid can interbreed to produce fertile hybrids between them, but inconstant phenotypic and genotypic characteristics from generation to generation.

The most common natural cross between the llama and alpaca female known as huarizo and less frequent in the llama and alpaca misti known as male.

A hybrid by natural mating or artificial insemination paco vicuna is the result of crossing a female alpaca and vicuna male individual producing a fiber much the fineness of the vicuña but with greater performance.

Some authors believe that these crossings are not recommended since it did not get any real advantage.

Theoretically it is possible to cross between any of the South American camelids and camels of the Old World that would be done by artificial methods.

Camelids Fiber

Camelid fiber textile fiber is classified as animal protein in nature, considered as special textile fibers.

The physico-mechanical fiber camelids are influenced by factors such as age, sex, altitude area of ​​breeding, feeding, genetic, etc.. One of the most important parameters in the classification of the fiber for textile use later is the length, the longest separating styling and shorter for carding.

The finer fibers have no medulla, which gives it an advantage in dyeing. Camelid fiber is solid at the sun, washing, use and physico-chemical processes.

The meat is high in protein, containing 21,274% alpaca and llama 24,821%, low fat and low cholesterol (0.5%).

Vicuña fiber: The vicuña between all camelids have the privilege of owning the animal fiber world's finest. The neck back and sides are light brown or cinnamon belly and inner thighs are white.

Its fleece weighs about 200 grams only consisting of 90% of fine fibers of 12.5 microns in diameter and length 3.2 to 3.8.

Guanaco fiber: has a shaggy coat relatively thin and short, light brown with black tones in the head. The fleece of about 450 gr. has two layers, the first with thick bristly fibers that protect the animal and representing 20% ​​of the total, and the second with very fine hairs (similar to that of the vicuña) ranging from 16.5 to 24 microns.

Alpaca Fiber: The color of the fiber is varied, though more uniform than that of the Flame, from white to black, brown tones presenting clear, dark, as well as silver gray, all as natural colors. The resulting fleece may be single or mixed colors presenting high variability of the fibers in color, average diameter, length, tensile strength, elasticity, flexibility, etc.. The average production of raw fleece per year is 1.6 kg, which pay 85% of clean fiber. The alpaca fiber has poor quality afieltrante with an average diameter of 22 to 24 microns, which is the best white listed on the market.

Llama fiber: The fiber is colored brown (light and dark) and mixtures, corresponding to these so-called natural colors.

The fleece has up to 20% of long bristles and protruding descerdar easy and the remainder are short and thin fibers of 20 to 26 microns.

Guanaco

Problematic: The guanaco is a wild species and is found from northern Peru (Department of La Libertad) to southern Chile and Argentina, with a small town in the Chaco of Bolivia. The total worldwide population reaches more than 500,000 heads, most of them in Argentina.

Population: In Peru, the guanaco is an ENDANGERED SPECIES, with a population not exceeding 5,000 copies, making it urgent to develop strategies for protection and enhancement of its population. You can then think of its use.

History and Habitat: In pre-Hispanic times the guanaco population was much greater, and even today there are cities that do honor to his name, like Huanuco. The guanaco lives from sea level to 3,800 m, is a typical migrant who visit the western slopes of the Andes, during the summer, when they, thanks to the rains are abundant in pastures, and also reaches the coastal hills between June and September, when they turn green vegetation due to the action of mists. Today, migration routes have been cut by guanaco roads and towns, and now only go to few places, such as hills and those of Chaparra Atiquipa.

Potential: Fiber: from 18 to 24 microns in diameter, but with abundant bristles, which involves a process of dehairing. With the fine fiber is possible to make fine fabrics. Leather offers an interesting potential for the tanning and leather processing, and has a high tensile strength. Meat: it is wild-type, low in fat, which promotes human health. Also, being wild, not receive vaccines, medications or other veterinary supplies, and so their meat has excellent potential as a "natural or organic meat," well accepted in world markets. Genetic material: it is of interest to cross-fire and get some special features for its fine fiber.

Opportunities: Andean Trade Preference Agreement - ATPA, which allows entry of fine fibers camelid U.S. market free of tariffs.

Vicuna

Problematic: Peru has 85% of the global population of vicunas, with about 140 thousand heads. This South American camelid live up to 20 years and is adapted to the climate of the highlands, between 3,500 and 5,000 m. The vicuna has a fiber as fine and soft as silk, whose value reached $ 500 per kg, equivalent to more than 2,000 kg of sheep wool. In our mountains there are nearly 18 million hectares of natural pastures suitable for fodder, which could handle up to 1 million vicuñas for the production of fiber listed and your scalp and skin.

Management of vicuña is a great choice for the development of the Andes!

International Agreements: The export of vicuñas and other fertile reproductive material (eggs, frozen embryos, frozen semen, etc..) Is prohibited and regulated by the Convention for the Conservation and Management of the Vicuña, signed in 1979 between Peru, Bolivia , Chile, Argentina and Ecuador.

Handling: There is a danger that reproductive material smuggled out of vicuna vicunas through pacovicuñas alive and well. The pacovicuña is the intersection of alpacas and vicunas, is a hybrid that has 50% of genetic material from the two species mentioned above. Crossing pacovicuñas each other in the first generation out 25% pure vicuna, 25% alpaca and 50% pacovicuñas ... to re-cross hybrids, the proportion is repeated. It is convenient to export pacovicuñas because other countries could obtain genetic material from vicuna and become competitors, and lost the economic potential of vicuña fiber for high Andean Peruvian economy.

Priority Areas: Huancavelica, Ayacucho, Apurimac, Arequipa, Puno, Cusco, Junín and Lima.

Warranties: The legal framework that guarantees contracts between the state and highland communities own the land suitable.

Alpaca

Problematic: Peru has the world's largest population of alpacas, with nearly 3 million copies, and two domesticated varieties: Suri and Huacaya. The huacaya breed has short, curly fiber, and are the majority. The breed suri lives almost exclusively in Puno and its population is declining, so we run the risk of losing its fine, silky fiber up to 40 cm long. Today, due to the lack of management, predominantly white and many alpacas stained. The loss of the fineness of the alpaca fiber must be resolved with proper management, given that the price is closely related to their quality.

Handling: It is urgent to select alpacas in different herds, according to their colors, avoiding the junction with the spotted or "moromoros" in order to improve the quality of their fiber. Another option for the management of the alpaca is a cross between female alpaca fiber vicuna thick with males in order to obtain very fine fiber pacovicuñas. But for this we must bear in mind that these hybrids, despite being fertile, not permanent, and if they return to cross between alpaca and vicuña.

Proposal: To promote the breeding, selection and management of alpacas.

Sectors: Agriculture, Private Sector and Communities.

Experience: Throughout the Peruvian highlands.

Priority Areas: Huancavelica, Ayacucho, Apurimac, Arequipa, Puno, Cusco, Junín, Lima and other departments.

Warranties: The legal framework that guarantees contracts between the state and highland communities own the land suitable.

Benefits: Economic: If you improve the fineness of the alpaca fiber is used in integral form this species (fiber, leather and meat) and its transformation activity would be a $ 50 million annually. Ecological: The characteristics of alpaca help control desertification in the high Andes and that does not erode the soil by trampling, given that the feet have a padded floor and nail or helmet does not touch the ground. Social: One of the few opportunities to improve the poverty conditions of the highland communities along with tourism, mining and aquaculture.