The cause of death in young alpacas are lasenfermedades infectious. Among them is first enterotoxemia in some years can kill up to 86 percent of baby alpaca. There are no precise data in regard to fire but there are reports that the situation is similar, although the death rate of young of this species appear to be lower than in the case of alpacas.
1. Enterotoxemia
Enterotoxaemia is an acute infectious disease that affects mainly young alpaca within the first month of life. It is the most devastating disease and is produced by the action of enterotoxins from an anaerobic bacterium, Clostridium perfringens type A (formerly called C. welchii) which quickly cause severe damage to vital organs nivelintestinal and ending with the sudden death of animal. The mortality of long críassupera 50 percent in some years.The first observations on this disease dating from the nineteen fifties. In 1955, it was Moro, a professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Universidad Nacional de San Marcos (Peru), who conducted the first studies and the disease called bacillary diarrhea, alobservar the presence of an anaerobic bacillus diarrheal feces of calves killed. The etiologic agent confirmaciónfinal, C. perfringens type A, was made based on the detection dela alpha toxin. Before that, the disease was regarded as an acute form of ladenominada alpaca fever produced by the Strepcoccus zooepidemicus (Ramirez, 19991).
Subsequent studies have given greater insight into the etiology of the disease auncuando many questions remain, which are the subject of estudio.La disease occurs in cycles, as shown by studies of seguimientohechos for over 10 years on commercial farms and at the Center The South American deCamélidos National Raya. In a mortality rate of pups per enterotoxemia of 15 to 20 percent in the first year of a cycle, increasing to 30 to 40 percent in the next year hastaalcanzar a peak of 50 percent or more by the fifth or sixth year. Then bajaabruptamente to 6 or 10 percent the following year. The possible explanation of this variation appears to lie in changes in the mother's immune level. During the cycle of offspring per enterotoxemia altamortalidad, mothers are exposed to high levels of strains of C. perfringenstipo A, producing enterotoxin. Thus mothers receive a Natural devacuna luck against the pathogen, which stimulate the immune response and allow the passage Deuna higher concentration of antibodies to the offspring via colostrum. By decreasing the incidenciade disease and lower mortality, would also decrease the levels deanticuerpos of the mother and the consequent lower concentration in the colostrum, quedesencadenaría a new cycle (Ellis, 1997). The cycles are five to six years and the severity of laenfermedad may be exacerbated by adverse weather conditions and lack of medidashigiénicas which unfortunately are a common occurrence.
Currently there is no vaccine to provide effective protection to offspring against laenterotoxemia. Research is underway and expected to have positive results in a futurocercano.
Is expected to reaching the production of a vaccine against this disease.
The handling of the animals is an important factor in preventing the disease. Overcrowding, lack of cleanliness of calving pens and roosts, lack of protection against bad weather, insufficient or late lascrías colostrum intake and inadequate maternal nutrition in late pregnancy , among others, are factors that create the conditions for the presentation of enterotoxemia. It sidodemostrado in other animal species that insufficient supply of mothers in the últimotercio of gestation, in addition to affecting the level of antibodies from the mother, causes nervous system desarrolloinadecuado breeding which makes not react quickly after accessing delnacimiento colostrum at the time of maximum concentration of inmunoglobulinas.Esto makes it susceptible to enteric and pneumonic processes.
Indeed, Garmendia et al. (1987) found that the failure in the transfer of immunoglobulins from the colostrum, is the leading cause of newborn deaths in alpacas because of their inability to defend itself against infection. They found that encrías to death serum immunoglobulin concentration was significantly lower than those babies who survived.
All this shows how much remains to be investigated in the issue of enterotoxemia in particular and the concomitant causes involved in the death of baby camels, engeneral. What is actually required is a comprehensive approach that includes tantoinfecciosos factors such as environmental and management, in order to establish effective measures based on sound science, leading to reduced losses caused by neonatal lamortalidad
2 Colibacillosis
Under this name are grouped diarrheic and septicemic forms caused by strains of Escherichia coli affecting the offspring. His presentation is estimated at 15 percent. The pups have a formaentérica diarrheic by 3 to 8 days, dehydration, weight loss and enocasiones, death ensues, although some babies recover. The septicemia, occurring mainly during the first week of life, are characterized by muerterepentina.
3 Other diseases
Other infectious diseases that affect the young and that can kill incluyenlas respiratory problems and sepsis. Pneumonia is an acute respiratory condition cuyafrecuencia varies from 2 to 22 percent, depending on the year. Almost always related to some kind of stress due to decreased resistance of the animal and leads to the spread of germs. The bacterial entity involved belongs to the genus Pasteurella. Acute pneumonia is a quick course that involves the lung parenchyma, occurring enneonatos and young animals. The deaths of young for this cause from 2 to 27 percent in both alpacas and llamas in (Ramirez, 1991). Septicemia can have various causes among which one is the onfaloflebitis másfrecuentes is a consequence of disinfection Poor hygiene yfalta navel.
Other pathological conditions are described in offspring but do not have a connotation mortaltales as kerato conjunctivitis, abscesses and necrobacillosis.
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