PARASITIC DISEASES, part 1

A large number of parasitic diseases Affecting camelids. These do not cause While High Mortality and infectious, and Often Go Unnoticed by The Producers, are responsible for Losses to Affect a significant number of Productive functions. For example, gastrointestinal parasites, and blood drain constantede Causing to interfere With The digestive process of food utilization endeficiente lower body RESULTING Development and production of fiber and meat. Moreover, the weakening delanimal Makes more susceptible to this infectious diseases. Ectoparasites, moreover, the production of fiber Affect Both quantity and quality in. To all added This Must Be the loss by confiscation of meat and offal parasitized in the case of as lasarcocistiosis and Hydatid cysts.


It is difficult to make an estimate of economic losses caused by parasitic diseases by the lack of reliable statistics, it is estimated, however, reaching variosmillones dollars a year, which obviously is detrimental to the economy of the producers.

The positive effects of adequate parasite control have been demonstrated by several researchers in Peru. For example, in one of the studies found that alpacas subjected to a program of strategic dosing with ivermectin, outperformed the untreated control group in body weight 6.9 kg and 0.45 kg in fleece weight. On the other hand, the incidence of scabies was ravaged by 1 percent in the treated group compared with 22 percent in the control group (Guerrero et al., 1986). The cost / benefit ratio was favorable for the treated group. Similar resresultados were found in another study in the highlands of Arequipa by Windsor et al. (1992).

1 PARASITIC NEUMOGASTROENTERITIS
The complex nosological is produced by mixed infections of nematodes that parasitize from the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory systems. Some species are specific parasites of camelids, such as: Graphinema aucheniae, Spirulopteragia peruvianus, Nematodirus LaMae, Camellustrongylusmentulatus and Lamanema chavezi.
In contrast, other species are typical of cattle and sheep but can affect camelids, such as those of the genera Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, Haemoncus, Oesophagostomum and Dyctiocaulus. The prevalence of parasites in alpacas, llamas, vicunas and guanacos is about 70 to 100 percent, with relatively low mortality, about one percent, according to numerous studies conducted, but cause unaalta morbidity with negative consequences productivity of animals.

There are a number of factors that contribute to pest infestation, such as grazing deanimales in highly reduced environments contaminated by feces and parasite eggs without laadecuada rotational grazing, reduction in defense of animals by factors such as calving estresantestales For breastfeeding mothers and weaning in the case of young animals elmantenimiento of manure without proper cleaning, among others. The habit of depositing their droppings camélidosde in a certain place, forming dung is probablementeuna way to prevent the spread of parasites in the pasture, but when haysobrepoblación this apparent advantage may become a disadvantage.

Parasites are found in the digestive tract, either in the abomasum or intestines, structural and functional alterations of the mucosa with ladigestión serious interference and absorption of food that is detrimental to the productive comoson growth breeding and production of fiber. Furthermore Lamanema larvae migrate alhígado cause injury to cirrhotic that are displayed as small abscesses decolor externally whitish, giving the organ a mottled appearance that can lead to confiscation.

The prevention of parasitic infestations should primarily be the oeliminación reduction of predisposing factors mentioned above. Tambiéntratamientos recommended preventive antiparasitic drugs, according to a scheme based on laedad of animals and the time of year

2 sarcocystiosis
This is a disease that has great economic impact and which is currently unfreno for marketing meat CSA. It is produced by a coccidia of the genus Sarcocystis of which there are three species: S. tilopodi (or S. guanicoecanis) in guanacos, S. aucheniae in alpacas, llamas and vicunas, which produce macroscopic cysts in the skeletal muscle, and S. lamacanis, alpacas found that microscopic infective cysts form in a short time in myocardial and skeletal muscle.

Until recently there were doubts about whether it was a single species of Sarcocystis that was responsible for the formation of the two types of cysts and microcysts are nothing but an early stage of development of macrocysts. Using molecular biology techniques to establish hallegado recently and conclusively that it is indeed genetically different dosespecies S. aucheniae and S. lamacanis.

The coccidia causing this disease is indirect cycle, where dogs and carnívorossilvestres are the definitive hosts in which reproduction is effected bowel sexualmientras that asexual reproduction takes place in the capillaries, arterioles and skeletal muscle ycardíaco of CSA, which are the intermediate hosts.

The disease is commonly known by the name of "arrocillo" and "Trichinella" and often laconfunde to cysticercosis. We found a prevalence of 70 to 80 percent of micro omacroquistes in muscles of animals, particularly in over two years edad.En young animals is not typically included macrocysts of microcysts but can only be detected by examination microscope.

The damage caused by the parasite is primarily concerned with the seizure of the carnecon presence of cysts in the muscles, resulting in economic losses. In addition creauna negative image of the camel meat which affects the degree of public acceptance. When ingested by humans, with sarcocistes meat, undercooked produceun box gastroenteritis with nausea, diarrhea, cramps and chills, symptoms should combines toxin present in the cysts, it is deactivated by cooking. Therefore, with sarcocistes Lacarne duly cooked, not a public health problem.

The spread of the disease is favored by the ingestion of meat sarcocistes by dogs that are the inseparable companions of the pastors of alpacas and llamas. They were agreganlos wild carnivores such as foxes, that by eating meat with parasite oocysts diseminándolos millonesde removed by grazing. So how to control esevitando sarcocystiosis contaminated meat consumption by dogs and controlling the action of carnívorossilvestres. Both actions are not easy given the conditions under which develops crianzade camelids. Faced with this situation is currently working on the production of unavacuna that applied to grazing animals to offer effective protection against estaenfermedad. These works, like the typing of sarcocistes are siendorealizados by the Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science at the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Herediacon FAO support through the project TCP/RLA/2914.

Given that the highest incidence of macrocysts seen in animals over two years, a way to decrease seizures is making out early, ie, allocating the sacrifice young animals unfit for breeding before they become visible losmacroquistes. This implies increasing the proportion of cows and make out of capons to laedad earliest possible within two years. This allows not only to reduce losses due to carcass condemnation but also supply a high quality beef and greater acceptance by consumers.